OER Chemistry

– Carbohydrates

– Monosaccharides

– Disaccharides

– Polysaccharides

– Nucleic acids

– Amino acids, peptides and proteins

Macromolecules or biopolymers such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids together with water, make up most of the human body. In this lesson, we intend to discuss the chemistry of carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides), peptides, proteins and nucleic acids.

– Simple carboxylic acids, alcohols and     esters

– Fatty acids

– Fats and oils

– Waxes

– Soap and detergents

In this lesson we will study the chemistry and applications of biological esters, fats and oils.Fats and oils are naturally occurring lipids found in plants and animals and are triesters of glycerol or glycerin.

– E-numbers

– Antioxidants

– Sweeteners

– Preservatives

– Flavours and flavour enhancers

– Spices

we intend to study pros and cons of food additives. People around the world use natural and artificial food additives to improve the taste and appearance of food without thinking of their effects on their health. Artificial food additives could pose a real health risk. It is important to remember, you are what you eat.

– Water and health

– Alcohol and health

– Body temperature and health

– Oxidizing agents and health

– Junk food and health

– Fat and body weight

– Blood glucose

– Cholesterol and health

– Cigarette smoke and health

– General anesthetics

– Medicine and pharmaceuticals

In this lesson, we intend to touch on some important aspects related to health and medicine.

– Polyethylene

– Polypropylene

– Addition polymers

– Ethylene and its derivatives

– Poly(vinyl chloride)

– Polystyrene

– Teflon

– Poly(methyl acrylate)

– Condensation polymers

– Polyamide

– Polyester

– Rubber and vulcanisation of rubber

– Copolymers

– Conducting polymers

– Bakelite

This lesson deals with synthetic polymers and their properties and applications.Use of man-made synthetic polymeric materials plays a huge effect on our everyday life.A large number of industries are based on synthetic polymers such as polyethylene(PE),poly vinylchloride(PVC), polyesters,nylon,etc.And natural polymers such as rubber,cellulose, etc.

– 3d-Elements

– Electron configuration of 3d-elements

– Ligands

– Oxidation Number

– Coordination number

– Geometry

– Properties of 3d-elements and their   compounds

– Nomenclature and IUPAC rules

– Reactions of 3d-elements and their   compounds

– Methods of extraction

– Uses of 3d-elements and their   compounds

This lesson deals with 3d-elements,their properties and reactions.It also looks at Nomenclature of coordination compounds and IUPAC rules uses and some of the industries based on 3d-elements.

– Occurrence and isolation of some p-block elements

– Electron configuration of p-block elements

– Some properties of p-block elements

– Some compounds of p-block elements

– Reactions of p-block elements their compounds

– Uses of p-block elements and their compounds

– Some of the industries based on p-block elements

This lesson deals with p-blockelements, their properties and reactions. It also looks at uses and some of the industries based on p-block elements.

– Occurrence and isolation of some   s-Block elements

– Some properties of Group 1 elements

– Compounds of Group 1 elements

– Some properties of Group 2 elements

– Compounds of Group 2 elements

– Production of chlorine and NaOH

– Production of NaCO3

– Production of NaCl

– Solubility of salts of s-block elements

– Uses of s-block elements and their   compounds

This lesson deals with s-block elements,their properties and reactions.It also looks at uses and some of the industries based on block elements.

– Brief history of the development of the   Periodic Table

– The Modern Periodic Table

– Trends in the Periodic Table

– Atomic and ionic sizes

– Atomic radii

– Ionic radii

– Metallic and non-metallic character

– Ionization energy

– Electron affinity

– Electronegativity

– Melting and boiling points

– Oxidation states

– Diagonal relationships

These two lessons on the Periodic Table and Periodicity deals with the development of the Periodic Table, classification of elements into s, p, d, f-blocks, characteristics of elements in Groups 1 to 18,electron configuration and some physical properties elements.

– Hydrogen and its physical properties

– Position of hydrogen in the Periodic Table

– Occurrence and isolation of hydrogen

– Hydrogen bonding

– Uses of hydrogen

– Compounds of Hydrogen

– Hydrides

– Water and water cycle

– Chemical and physical properties of water

Hydrogen is the first element in the Periodic Table. This lesson discusses the chemistry of hydrogen, its properties and reactions. It also looks at water and water cycle; chemical and physical properties of water.

This lesson discusses Good Laboratory Practices that you should adhere to in carrying out your duties efficiently and safely. It also deals with laboratory safety and safety symbols.

– Ionization isomerism
– Hydrate isomerism
– Linkage isomerism
– Coordination isomerism
– Geometric isomerism
– Optical isomerism

Various isomerisms found in coordination compounds are discussed.

– VBT of octahedral complexes
– VBT of tetrahedral complexes
– VBT of square-planar complexes

This article discusses the assumptions made in VBT, and application of VBT to octahedral, tetrahedral, square- planar complexes.

– CFT for octahedral complexes
– CFT for tetrahedral complexes
– CFT for square-planar complexes
– Crystal field stabilization energy
– Magnetic properties

This article discusses the assumptions made in CFT, and application of CFT to octahedral, tetrahedral, square-planar complexes.

– Association reactions
– Dissociation reactions
– Ligand substitution reactions
– Associative mechanism
– Dissociative mechanism
– Interchange mechanism
– Trans effect

This article discusses the types and mechanisms of substitution reactions of coordination compounds.

– 2e-Oxidative addition reactions
– 1e-Oxidative addition reactions
– Factors which influence OA

Oxidative addition (OA) is one of the initial steps in a catalytic cycle. This article deals with the factors which influence the oxidative addition reactions of organometallic complexes.

– 1,1-Insertion
– 1,2-Insertion
– Deinsertion

This article deals with the migratory insertion and deinsertion reactions of organometallic complexes.

– Reductive elimination reactions
– Importance of cis arrangement
– Factors which influence RE

Reductive elimination (RE) is the last step in a catalytic cycle. This article deals with the factors which influence the reductive elimination reactions of organometallic complexes.

– Synthesis of metal carbonyls
– Mononuclear metal carbonyls
– Binuclear metal carbonyls
– Trinuclear metal carbonyls
– Tetranuclear metal carbonyls
– Reactions of metal carbonyls
– Stretching frequencies of metal carbonyls

This article discusses the coordination modes of CO, synthesis, reactions and properties of metal carbonyls.

– Coordination modes of hydrides
– Synthesis of metal hydrides
– Reactions of metal hydrides
– Properties of metal hydrides
– β-Hydride abstraction

This article discusses the coordination modes of hydrides, synthesis, reactions and properties of metal hydrides.

– Hydrogenation catalysts
– Sources of hydrogen
– Hydrogenation via oxidative addition
– Hydrogenation via heterolytic cleavage
– Hydrogenation via homolytic cleavage
– Mechanism for hydrogenation of olefins

This article deals with catalysts used in hydrogenation of olefins, sources of hydrogen, and catalytic cycles and mechanisms for hydrogenation of olefins.

– Nuclear stability
– Binding energy
– Nuclear reactions
– Rate of radioactive decay
– Half-life
– Radioactive decay series
– Induced nuclear reactions
– Nuclear fission
– Applications of radioisotopes
– Detectors used for measuring radiation

This article discusses the chemistry, properties and applications of radioisotopes.

– Aromatic, anti-aromatic and non-aromatic molecules
– Aromatic electrophilic substitution
– Aromatic nucleophilic substitution
– Ortho, meta and para directors
– Complexes of aromatic molecules/ions
– NMR spectroscopy of aromatic molecules

This article discusses aromaticity of organic molecules, and properties and substitution reactions of aromatic molecules.

– Monsanto process
– Cativa process
– Catalysts systems used
– Catalytic cycles
– Synthesis of HOAc and acetic anhydride

This article deals with the chemistry of two industrial processes of synthesising acetic acid and acetic anhydride.

– Isotopes in mass spectra
– Main types of fragmentations
– McLafferty rearrangement

This article explains the use of mass spectrometry for the structure elucidation of organic molecules.

– Magnetic properties of nuclei
– Chemical shifts
– Shielding and deshielding effect
– Coupling constant
– Spin-spin coupling
– ¹D and ²D NMR spectroscopy

This article explains the use of NMR spectrometry for the structure elucidation of organic molecules.

– Synthesis of arene complexes
– Co-condensation
– Complexes with large fused arenes
– Reactions of half-sandwich complexes
– Reactions of bis(arene) complexes
– Ligand exchange reactions

This article explains the syntheses and reactions of arene metal complexes.

– Nucleophiles and nucleophilicity
– S_N² Reactions
– S_N¹ Reactions
– S_Nⁱ Reactions
– Factors that affect S_N² and S_N¹ reactions

This article deals with nucleophilic substitution reactions of organic molecules.

– Mono heterocycles with N, O and S
– Pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyridine
– Paal Knorr synthesis
– Diazines and triazines
– Heterocycles with fused rings
– Synthesis of fused heterocycles
– Reactions of fused heterocycles

This article explains the syntheses and reactions of pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyridine, indole, quinoline and isoquinoline.

– Fundamental vibrational modes
– Infrared spectra
– Characteristic IR frequencies of FGs
– Factors affecting the IR frequency
– Metal carbonyls and hydrides

This article explains the use of IR spectrometry for the structure elucidation of organic/inorganic molecules.

– UV-visible Spectrophotometer
– Beer-Lambert Law
– Base values for conjugated dienes
– Base values for enones
– Homoannular diene component
– Qualitative & Quantitative Analysis

UV-visible spectrometry is used in many fields. This article explains its theory and its applications in quantitative and qualitative analysis.

– d-Electron configuration
– Group number & coordination number
– Geometry
– Effective atomic number
– Valence Electron Count & 18e rule
– Molar conductivity
– Nomenclature

This article explains the basic concepts in coordination chemistry.

– Classification of polymers
– Methods of polymerization
– Addition Polymerization
– Mechanisms of addition polymerization
– Modes of addition of free radicals
– Condensation polymerization
– Coordination polymerization
– Copolymers

This article explains the basic concepts in polymer chemistry, methods and mechanisms of polymerization.

– Catalysts for olefin metathesis
– Synthesis of Grubbs catalysts
– Mechanism for cross metathesis
– Types of olefin metathesis reactions
– Cross metathesis reactions
– Ring opening metathesis
– Ring closing metathesis

This article explains olefin metathesis (OM), synthesis of catalysts used in OM, and polymerization of olefins via ring opening metathesis.

– Synthetic routes to metal alkyls
– Reactions of alkyl metal complexes

This article explains the
syntheses and reactions of alkyl
metal complexes.

– Catalysts
– Mechanism
– Kumada coupling reaction
– Negishi coupling reaction
– Stille coupling reaction
– Suzuki coupling reaction
– Heck coupling reaction
– Catalytic cycle
– Sonogashira coupling reaction
– Hiyama coupling reaction

This article explains catalysts used, catalytic cycles, and mechanisms of various palladium catalysed coupling reactions.

– (4+2) Cycloaddition
– Conjugated dienes and dienofiles
– Features of the Diels-Alder reaction

This article explains formation of six-membered rings by combining a conjugated diene with a dienophile via a concerted reaction.

– Agostic interaction
– Hydride abstraction
– Cyclometallation
– Oxidative coupling

This article explains empirical rules and rerelationships between styx numbers.

This article explains empirical rules and rerelationships between styx numbers.

– Chemical shifts
– Coupling constants
– NMR spectra of diborane, pentaborane tetrahydroborate octahydrotriborate, etc.

Boron-11 NMR spectroscopy is used to study molecular structures of boron hydrides. This article explains the basic concepts of ¹¹B NMR spectroscopy.

This article explains the basic concepts, theory and applications of organometallic chemistry.

This article explains the chemistry of bulk metals and trace elements found in biological systems, their functions and the level of toxicity.

– Electrophilic attack on η¹-alkyl and aryl ligands
– Electrophilic attack on η¹-allyl ligands
– Electrophilic attack on η¹-alkynyl ligands

This article explains the electrophilic attack on coordinated groups such as η¹-alkyl, η¹-aryl, η¹-allyl and η¹-alkynyl ligands.

This article explains the basic concepts, theory and applications of cyclic voltammetry.

This article explains the basic concepts, theory and applications of photochemistry.

This article explains the nucleophilic attack on CO, alkenes, alkynes, carbenes and polyenes.

This article explains bonding in metal carbonyls, metal alkyls, metal carbenes and metal carbynes.

– Formation of H₃⁺ ion
– Formation of CH₅⁺ ion
– Formation of dihydrogen complexes
– Properties of dihydrogen complexes
– Synthesis of dihydrogen complexes

This article explains synthesis, properties and reactions of dihydrogen complexes.

– Catalysts
– Original Otto Rolene process
– Shell process
-Union carbide process

This article explains the catalytic cycle of Hydroformylation of Olefins.

– Mechanism
– Catalytic cycle

This article explains the catalytic cycle of Wacker process.