Bio Molecules and Bio Polymers
Content
– Carbohydrates
– Monosaccharides
– Disaccharides
– Polysaccharides
– Nucleic acids
– Amino acids, peptides and proteins
Description
Macromolecules or biopolymers such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids together with water, make up most of the human body. In this lesson, we intend to discuss the chemistry of carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides), peptides, proteins and nucleic acids.
Fats,Oils and Detergents
Content
– Simple carboxylic acids, alcohols and esters
– Fatty acids
– Fats and oils
– Waxes
– Soap and detergents
Foof Addictives
Content
– E-numbers
– Antioxidants
– Sweeteners
– Preservatives
– Flavours and flavour enhancers
– Spices
Description
We intend to study pros and cons of food additives. People around the world use natural and artificial food additives to improve the taste and appearance of food without thinking of their effects on their health. Artificial food additives could pose a real health risk. It is important to remember, you are what you eat.
Health and Medicine
Content
– Water and health
– Alcohol and health
– Body temperature and health
– Oxidizing agents and health
– Junk food and health
– Fat and body weight
– Blood glucose
– Cholesterol and health
– Cigarette smoke and health
– General anesthetics
– Medicine and pharmaceuticals
Synthetic Polymers
Content
– Polyethylene
– Polypropylene
– Addition polymers
– Ethylene and its derivatives
– Poly(vinyl chloride)
– Polystyrene
– Teflon
– Poly(methyl acrylate)
– Condensation polymers
– Polyamide
– Polyester
– Rubber and vulcanisation of rubber
– Copolymers
– Conducting polymers
– Bakelite
Description
This lesson deals with synthetic polymers and their properties and applications.Use of man-made synthetic polymeric materials plays a huge effect on our everyday life.A large number of industries are based on synthetic polymers such as polyethylene(PE),poly vinylchloride(PVC), polyesters,nylon,etc.And natural polymers such as rubber,cellulose, etc.
d-Block
Content
– 3d-Elements
– Electron configuration of 3d-elements
– Ligands
– Oxidation Number
– Coordination number
– Geometry
– Properties of 3d-elements and their compounds
– Nomenclature and IUPAC rules
– Reactions of 3d-elements and their compounds
– Methods of extraction
– Uses of 3d-elements and their compounds
p-Block
Content
– Occurrence and isolation of some p-block elements
– Electron configuration of p-block elements
– Some properties of p-block elements
– Some compounds of p-block elements
– Reactions of p-block elements their compounds
– Uses of p-block elements and their compounds
– Some of the industries based on p-block elements
s-Block
Content
– Occurrence and isolation of some s-Block elements
– Some properties of Group 1 elements
– Compounds of Group 1 elements
– Some properties of Group 2 elements
– Compounds of Group 2 elements
– Production of chlorine and NaOH
– Production of NaCO3
– Production of NaCl
– Solubility of salts of s-block elements
– Uses of s-block elements and their compounds
Periodic Table
Content
– Brief history of the development of the Periodic Table
– The Modern Periodic Table
– Trends in the Periodic Table
– Atomic and ionic sizes
– Atomic radii
– Ionic radii
– Metallic and non-metallic character
– Ionization energy
– Electron affinity
– Electronegativity
– Melting and boiling points
– Oxidation states
– Diagonal relationships
Hydrogen - H₂
Content
– Hydrogen and its physical properties
– Position of hydrogen in the Periodic Table
– Occurrence and isolation of hydrogen
– Hydrogen bonding
– Uses of hydrogen
– Compounds of Hydrogen
– Hydrides
– Water and water cycle
– Chemical and physical properties of water
Safety and Good Laboratory Practices
Content
– Laboratory and its contents
– Laboratory safety
– Safety symbols
– Good laboratory practices
– Chemical hygiene plan
– Chemical spills and chemical waste
Isomerisms in Coordination Compounds
Content
– Ionization isomerism
– Hydrate isomerism
– Linkage isomerism
– Coordination isomerism
– Geometric isomerism
– Optical isomerism
Description
Various isomerisms found in coordination compounds are discussed.
Valence Bond Theory
Content
– VBT of octahedral complexes
– VBT of tetrahedral complexes
– VBT of square-planar complexes
Description
This article discusses the assumptions made in VBT, and application of VBT to octahedral, tetrahedral, square- planar complexes.
Crystal Field Theory
Content
– CFT for octahedral complexes
– CFT for tetrahedral complexes
– CFT for square-planar complexes
– Crystal field stabilization energy
– Magnetic properties
Description
This article discusses the assumptions made in CFT, and application of CFT to octahedral, tetrahedral, square-planar complexes.
Substitution Reaction
Content
– Association reactions
– Dissociation reactions
– Ligand substitution reactions
– Associative mechanism
– Dissociative mechanism
– Interchange mechanism
– Trans effect
Description
This article discusses the types and mechanisms of substitution reactions of coordination compounds.
Oxidative Addition
Content
– 2e-Oxidative addition reactions
– 1e-Oxidative addition reactions
– Factors which influence OA
Description
Oxidative addition (OA) is one of the initial steps in a catalytic cycle. This article deals with the factors which influence the oxidative addition reactions of organometallic complexes.
Migratory Insertion
Content
– 1,1-Insertion
– 1,2-Insertion
– Deinsertion
Description
This article deals with the migratory insertion and deinsertion reactions of organometallic complexes.
Reductive Elimination
Content
– Reductive elimination reactions
– Importance of cis arrangement
– Factors which influence RE
Description
Reductive elimination (RE) is the last step in a catalytic cycle. This article deals with the factors which influence the reductive elimination reactions of organometallic complexes.
Metal Carbonyls
Content
– Synthesis of metal carbonyls
– Mononuclear metal carbonyls
– Binuclear metal carbonyls
– Trinuclear metal carbonyls
– Tetranuclear metal carbonyls
– Reactions of metal carbonyls
– Stretching frequencies of metal carbonyls
Description
This article discusses the coordination modes of CO, synthesis, reactions and properties of metal carbonyls.
Metal Hydrides
Content
– Coordination modes of hydrides
– Synthesis of metal hydrides
– Reactions of metal hydrides
– Properties of metal hydrides
– β-Hydride abstraction
Description
This article discusses the coordination modes of hydrides, synthesis, reactions and properties of metal hydrides.
Hydrogenation of Olefins
Content
– Hydrogenation catalysts
– Sources of hydrogen
– Hydrogenation via oxidative addition
– Hydrogenation via heterolytic cleavage
– Hydrogenation via homolytic cleavage
– Mechanism for hydrogenation of olefins
Description
This article deals with catalysts used in hydrogenation of olefins, sources of hydrogen, and catalytic cycles and mechanisms for hydrogenation of olefins.
Introduction to Radiochemistry
Content
– Nuclear stability
– Binding energy
– Nuclear reactions
– Rate of radioactive decay
– Half-life
– Radioactive decay series
– Induced nuclear reactions
– Nuclear fission
– Applications of radioisotopes
– Detectors used for measuring radiation
Description
This article discusses the chemistry, properties and applications of radioisotopes.
Aromaticity and Reactions of Aromatic Molecules/Ions
Content
– Aromatic, anti-aromatic and non-aromatic molecules
– Aromatic electrophilic substitution
– Aromatic nucleophilic substitution
– Ortho, meta and para directors
– Complexes of aromatic molecules/ions
– NMR spectroscopy of aromatic molecules
Description
This article discusses aromaticity of organic molecules, and properties and substitution reactions of aromatic molecules.
Monsanto and Cativa processes of acetic acid synthesis
Content
– Monsanto process
– Cativa process
– Catalysts systems used
– Catalytic cycles
– Synthesis of HOAc and acetic anhydride
Description
This article deals with the chemistry of two industrial processes of synthesising acetic acid and acetic anhydride.
Mass spectrometry
Content
– Isotopes in mass spectra
– Main types of fragmentations
– McLafferty rearrangement
Description
This article explains the use of mass spectrometry for the structure elucidation of organic molecules.
Introduction to NMR spectroscopy
Content
– Magnetic properties of nuclei
– Chemical shifts
– Shielding and deshielding effect
– Coupling constant
– Spin-spin coupling
– 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy
Description
This article explains the use of NMR spectrometry for the structure elucidation of organic molecules.
Arene Metal Complexes
Content
– Synthesis of arene complexes
– Co-condensation
– Complexes with large fused arenes
– Reactions of half-sandwich complexes
– Reactions of bis(arene) complexes
– Ligand exchange reactions
Description
This article explains the syntheses and reactions of arene metal complexes.
Nucleophilic substitution reactions
Content
– Nucleophiles and nucleophilicity – SN2 Reactions – SN1 Reactions – SNi Reactions – Factors that affect SN2 and SN1reactionsDescription
This article deals with nucleophilic substitution reactions of organic molecules.
Introduction to heterocyclic chemistry
Content
– Mono heterocycles with N, O and S
– Pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyridine
– Paal Knorr synthesis
– Diazines and triazines
– Heterocycles with fused rings
– Synthesis of fused heterocycles
– Reactions of fused heterocycles
Description
Introduction to Heterocyclic Chemistry
Infrared Spectroscopy
Content
– Fundamental vibrational modes
– Infrared spectra
– Characteristic IR frequencies of FGs
– Factors affecting the IR frequency
– Metal carbonyls and hydrides
Description
This article explains the use of IR spectrometry for the structure elucidation of organic/inorganic molecules.
UV-visible spectroscopy
Content
– UV-visible Spectrophotometer
– Beer-Lambert Law
– Base values for conjugated dienes
– Base values for enones
– Homoannular diene component
– Qualitative & Quantitative Analysis
Description
This article explains the basic concepts in coordination chemistry.
Introduction to Coordination Chemistry
Content
– UV-visible Spectrophotometer
– Beer-Lambert Law
– Base values for conjugated dienes
– Base values for enones
– Homoannular diene component
– Qualitative & Quantitative Analysis
Description
UV-visible spectrometry is used in many fields. This article explains its theory and its applications in quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Metathesis and Polymerization of Olefins
Content
– UV-visible Spectrophotometer
– Beer-Lambert Law
– Base values for conjugated dienes
– Base values for enones
– Homoannular diene component
– Qualitative & Quantitative An– Catalysts for olefin metathesis
– Synthesis of Grubbs catalysts
– Mechanism for cross metathesis
– Types of olefin metathesis reactions
– Cross metathesis reactions
– Ring opening metathesis
– Ring closing metathesisalysis
Description
This article explains olefin metathesis (OM), synthesis of catalysts used in OM, and polymerization of olefins via ring opening metathesis.
Alkyl Metal Complexes
Content
– Synthetic routes to metal alkyls
– Reactions of alkyl metal complexes
Description
This article explains the
syntheses and reactions of alkyl metal complexes.
Chemistry of Radicals
Content
– Stability of free radicals
– Stable free radicals
– Types of free radicals
– Formation of radicals
– Reactions of radicals
– Some applications
– Role of free radicals in biology
– Radical inhibitors
Description
This article explains the stability, formation, reactions and applications of radicals.
Palladium catalyzed coupling reactions
Contents
– Catalysts
– Mechanism
– Kumada coupling reaction
– Negishi coupling reaction
– Stille coupling reaction
– Suzuki coupling reaction
– Heck coupling reaction
– Catalytic cycle
– Sonogashira coupling reaction
– Hiyama coupling reaction
Description
This article explains catalysts used, catalytic cycles, and mechanisms of various palladium catalysed coupling reactions.
Diels-Alder reaction
Contents
– (4+2) Cycloaddition
– Conjugated dienes and dienofiles
– Features of the Diels-Alder reaction
Description
This article explains formation of six-membered rings by combining a conjugated diene with a dienophile via a concerted reaction.
Agostic interactions and metallacycles
Contents
– Agostic interaction
– Hydride abstraction
– Cyclometallation
– Oxidative coupling
Description
This article explains empirical rules and rerelationships between styx numbers.
Styx numbers and rules of boron hydrides
Contents
– Types of bonds
– Relationships between styx codes
– 3-Centre balance
– H balance
– Electron balance
– Empirical rules
Description
This article explains empirical rules and rerelationships between styx numbers.
11B NMR spectroscopy
Contents
– Chemical shifts
– Coupling constants
– NMR spectra of diborane, pentaborane tetrahydroborate octahydrotriborate, etc.
Description
Boron-11 NMR spectroscopy is used to study molecular structures of boron hydrides. This article explains the basic concepts of 11B NMR spectroscopy.
Introduction to organometallic chemistry
Contents
– Hapticity
– Isoelectronic ligands
– Group number of a metal centre
– Electronegativity of transition metals
– Oxidation number
– σ-Donors and π-acceptors
– Hard metals and soft metals
– Coordination number and geometry
– LX classification
– Valence electron count
– Nomenclature
Description
This article explains the basic concepts, theory and applications of organometallic chemistry.
Elements in biology
Contents
– Biological functions of elements
– Bulk metal ions: Na, K, Mg and Ca
– Essential/trace metals
– Non-metallic elements in biological systems
– Metals in medicine
– Potential toxic elements
– Radioisotopes
Description
This article explains the chemistry of bulk metals and trace elements found in biological systems, their functions and the level of toxicity.
Electrophilic attack on coordinated ligands
Contents
– Electrophilic attack on η1-alkyl and aryl ligands
– Electrophilic attack on η1-allyl ligands
– Electrophilic attack on η1-alkynyl ligands
Description
This article explains the electrophilic attack on coordinated groups such as η1-alkyl, η1-aryl, η1-allyl and η1-alkynyl ligands.
Stability of metal complexes
Contents
– Aqua complexes
– Stability constants
– Factors affecting the stability of metal complexes- Hard and soft acids and bases
– Macrocyclic effect
Description
This article explains the kinetic and thermodynamic stability of metal complexes.
Cyclic voltammetry
Contents
– Electrodes
– Electrolytes
– Non-reversible systems
– Applications of cyclic voltammetry
– Modified Electrodes
Description
This article explains the basic concepts, theory and applications of cyclic voltammetry.
Introduction to photochemistry
Contents
– Beer Lambert law
– Jablonski energy diagram
– The quantum yield
– Solvatochromism
– Effect of solvents
– Photosensitization and quenching
– Upconversion
– Down-conversion
– X-ray fluorescence
Description
This article explains the basic concepts, theory and applications of photochemistry.
Nucleophilic attack on coordinated ligands
Contents
– Nucleophilic attack on CO
– Nucleophilic attack on carbenes
– Nucleophilic attack on alkenes and alkynes
– Nucleophilic attack on polyenes and polyenyl ligands
– Green-Davies-Mingo’s rules
Description
This article explains the nucleophilic attack on CO, alkenes, alkynes, carbenes and polyenes.
Bonding in organometallic complexes
Contents
– Hard and soft metals
– Bonding in metal carbonyls
– Bonding in metal alkyls
– Bonding in metal carbenes
– Bonding in metal carbynes
Description
This article explains bonding in metal carbonyls, metal alkyls, metal carbenes and metal carbynes.
Dihydrogen complexes
Contents
– Formation of H3+ ion
– Formation of CH5+ ion
– Formation of dihydrogen complexes
– Properties of dihydrogen complexes
– Synthesis of dihydrogen complexes
Description
This article explains synthesis, properties and reactions of dihydrogen complexes.
Hydroformylation of Olefins
Contents
– Catalysts
– Original Otto Rolene process
– Shell process
-Union carbide process
Description
This article explains the catalytic cycle of Hydroformylation of Olefins.
Contents – Mechanism – Catalytic cycle
Contents
– Mechanism
– Catalytic cycle
Description
This article explains the catalytic cycle of Wacker process.